Live Broiler Chicken Rate
Nepal
Live chicken rate which are changed during 2079 Bhadra are as follows
Rate had been changed four time during this month
- 2079.05.27 Live broiler chicken rate Rs. 260
- 2079.05.20 Live broiler chicken rate Rs. 270
- 2079.05.13 Live broiler chicken rate Rs. 260
- 2079.05.10 Live broiler chicken rate Rs. 250
Salmonellosis in Poultry**Salmonellosis** in poultry is a bacterial infection caused by *Salmonella* species, which can lead to significant economic losses and pose a serious health risk to humans through contaminated poultry products. *Salmonella* infection in poultry can affect bird health, reduce productivity, and result in increased mortality, especially in young birds. The infection can also lead to foodborne illness in humans, making its control a high priority in the poultry industry.
Causes of Salmonellosis in Poultry
- **Causative Agent**: The disease is caused by various *Salmonella* species, with two main groups affecting poultry: - **Paratyphoid *Salmonella*** (non-host-specific): *S. enteritidis*, *S. typhimurium*, etc., which can infect multiple species and are more likely to affect humans. - **Host-Specific *Salmonella***: *S. pullorum* (causes pullorum disease) and *S. gallinarum* (causes fowl typhoid) are specific to poultry and result in more severe infections in birds.
- **Transmission**: - **Vertical Transmission**: Infected hens can pass *Salmonella* bacteria to their offspring through eggs, infecting chicks upon hatching. - **Horizontal Transmission**: *Salmonella* spreads via fecal contamination of feed, water, and the environment. It can also spread through contact with infected equipment, litter, or personnel. - **Rodents and Wild Birds**: These can be carriers and introduce *Salmonella* into poultry flocks.
Symptoms of Salmonellosis
The symptoms of salmonellosis in poultry depend on the age of the birds, the species of *Salmonella*, and environmental factors. Young birds are generally more susceptible.
1. **Acute Symptoms (in young chicks)**: - High mortality, especially in young chicks within the first few weeks of life - Weakness, depression, and reluctance to eat - White, pasty diarrhea - Huddling together, ruffled feathers
2. **Chronic Symptoms (in older birds)**: - Reduced feed intake and poor growth rates - Decreased egg production in layers - Deformed or misshapen eggs with thin shells in some cases - Possible respiratory distress or swollen joints (if the infection becomes systemic)
3. **Asymptomatic Carriers**: - Some birds may carry *Salmonella* without showing symptoms, shedding the bacteria intermittently and serving as a reservoir for infection.
Diagnosis of Salmonellosis
- **Clinical Signs**: Observation of symptoms in young chicks, especially white diarrhea and weakness, can indicate salmonellosis.- **Laboratory Testing**: - **Bacterial Culture**: Isolation and identification of *Salmonella* from samples of blood, feces, organs, or eggs confirm the infection. - **Serology**: Tests like the rapid whole-blood plate test or ELISA can detect antibodies for *Salmonella* in birds. - **PCR**: Molecular testing can quickly identify specific *Salmonella* strains.
Prevention and Control of Salmonellosis
1. **Biosecurity**: - Implement strict biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction and spread of *Salmonella* on poultry farms. - Control access to poultry areas, disinfect equipment, and use protective clothing for personnel. - Control rodents, wild birds, and insects, as they can be vectors for *Salmonella*.
2. **Vaccination**: - Vaccines for certain *Salmonella* strains, like *S. enteritidis* and *S. typhimurium*, can reduce infection rates and bacterial shedding. - Vaccination of breeding stock helps to reduce vertical transmission to offspring.
3. **Good Hygiene and Sanitation**: - Regularly clean and disinfect poultry houses and equipment. - Maintain dry, clean litter and remove any contaminated litter or waste promptly. - Ensure clean, uncontaminated feed and water sources.
4. **Probiotics and Competitive Exclusion**: - Probiotics and competitive exclusion products can help establish beneficial gut bacteria that inhibit *Salmonella* colonization in young chicks.
5. **Monitoring and Testing**: - Regular monitoring of poultry flocks for *Salmonella* is crucial. Test breeder flocks to prevent transmission to chicks. - Routine environmental testing and surveillance can help detect and address outbreaks early.
Treatment of Salmonellosis
1. **Antibiotic Treatment**: - Antibiotics may be used to treat salmonellosis in poultry; however, their use is generally limited due to concerns about antibiotic resistance. - Only prescribed by a veterinarian, antibiotics like **sulfonamides** or **enrofloxacin** may be administered in cases of severe infection. - Antimicrobial use should follow strict guidelines, and withdrawal periods must be observed to avoid residues in eggs or meat.
2. **Supportive Care**: - Provide adequate hydration, especially in cases with diarrhea, to prevent dehydration. - Maintain a balanced, high-quality diet to support the immune system.
3. **Culling**: - In cases of severe infection or with chronically infected birds, culling may be necessary to prevent the spread of *Salmonella* in the flock.
Impact of Salmonellosis on Poultry Production
Salmonellosis can significantly affect poultry farms by causing: - Mortality and poor growth rates in young birds. - Reduced egg production and lower egg quality in layers. - Increased costs for medication, vaccination, and biosecurity measures. - Public health risk, as *Salmonella*-contaminated poultry products can lead to human illness and potential legal repercussions.
Public Health Concerns
*Salmonella* is a major zoonotic pathogen, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. Consumption of undercooked or contaminated eggs, meat, or other poultry products can cause salmonellosis in humans, resulting in symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. Poultry producers must follow strict food safety practices to reduce contamination and protect public health.
Summary
Salmonellosis is a bacterial infection in poultry caused by *Salmonella* species that affects bird health, productivity, and public health. Effective control includes biosecurity measures, vaccination, sanitation, and regular monitoring. Treatment options are limited, and antibiotic use is carefully controlled due to resistance concerns. Poultry farms must prioritize preventing *Salmonella* infection to ensure healthy birds and safe poultry products.
**Salmonellosis** in poultry is a bacterial infection caused by *Salmonella* species, which can lead to significant economic losses and pose a serious health risk to humans through contaminated poultry products. *Salmonella* infection in poultry can affect bird health, reduce productivity, and result in increased mortality, especially in young birds. The infection can also lead to foodborne illness in humans, making its control a high priority in the poultry industry.
Causes of Salmonellosis in Poultry
- **Causative Agent**: The disease is caused by various *Salmonella* species, with two main groups affecting poultry:
- **Paratyphoid *Salmonella*** (non-host-specific): *S. enteritidis*, *S. typhimurium*, etc., which can infect multiple species and are more likely to affect humans.
- **Host-Specific *Salmonella***: *S. pullorum* (causes pullorum disease) and *S. gallinarum* (causes fowl typhoid) are specific to poultry and result in more severe infections in birds.
- **Transmission**:
- **Vertical Transmission**: Infected hens can pass *Salmonella* bacteria to their offspring through eggs, infecting chicks upon hatching.
- **Horizontal Transmission**: *Salmonella* spreads via fecal contamination of feed, water, and the environment. It can also spread through contact with infected equipment, litter, or personnel.
- **Rodents and Wild Birds**: These can be carriers and introduce *Salmonella* into poultry flocks.
Symptoms of Salmonellosis
The symptoms of salmonellosis in poultry depend on the age of the birds, the species of *Salmonella*, and environmental factors. Young birds are generally more susceptible.
1. **Acute Symptoms (in young chicks)**:
- High mortality, especially in young chicks within the first few weeks of life
- Weakness, depression, and reluctance to eat
- White, pasty diarrhea
- Huddling together, ruffled feathers
2. **Chronic Symptoms (in older birds)**:
- Reduced feed intake and poor growth rates
- Decreased egg production in layers
- Deformed or misshapen eggs with thin shells in some cases
- Possible respiratory distress or swollen joints (if the infection becomes systemic)
3. **Asymptomatic Carriers**:
- Some birds may carry *Salmonella* without showing symptoms, shedding the bacteria intermittently and serving as a reservoir for infection.
Diagnosis of Salmonellosis
- **Clinical Signs**: Observation of symptoms in young chicks, especially white diarrhea and weakness, can indicate salmonellosis.
- **Laboratory Testing**:
- **Bacterial Culture**: Isolation and identification of *Salmonella* from samples of blood, feces, organs, or eggs confirm the infection.
- **Serology**: Tests like the rapid whole-blood plate test or ELISA can detect antibodies for *Salmonella* in birds.
- **PCR**: Molecular testing can quickly identify specific *Salmonella* strains.
Prevention and Control of Salmonellosis
1. **Biosecurity**:
- Implement strict biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction and spread of *Salmonella* on poultry farms.
- Control access to poultry areas, disinfect equipment, and use protective clothing for personnel.
- Control rodents, wild birds, and insects, as they can be vectors for *Salmonella*.
2. **Vaccination**:
- Vaccines for certain *Salmonella* strains, like *S. enteritidis* and *S. typhimurium*, can reduce infection rates and bacterial shedding.
- Vaccination of breeding stock helps to reduce vertical transmission to offspring.
3. **Good Hygiene and Sanitation**:
- Regularly clean and disinfect poultry houses and equipment.
- Maintain dry, clean litter and remove any contaminated litter or waste promptly.
- Ensure clean, uncontaminated feed and water sources.
4. **Probiotics and Competitive Exclusion**:
- Probiotics and competitive exclusion products can help establish beneficial gut bacteria that inhibit *Salmonella* colonization in young chicks.
5. **Monitoring and Testing**:
- Regular monitoring of poultry flocks for *Salmonella* is crucial. Test breeder flocks to prevent transmission to chicks.
- Routine environmental testing and surveillance can help detect and address outbreaks early.
Treatment of Salmonellosis
1. **Antibiotic Treatment**:
- Antibiotics may be used to treat salmonellosis in poultry; however, their use is generally limited due to concerns about antibiotic resistance.
- Only prescribed by a veterinarian, antibiotics like **sulfonamides** or **enrofloxacin** may be administered in cases of severe infection.
- Antimicrobial use should follow strict guidelines, and withdrawal periods must be observed to avoid residues in eggs or meat.
2. **Supportive Care**:
- Provide adequate hydration, especially in cases with diarrhea, to prevent dehydration.
- Maintain a balanced, high-quality diet to support the immune system.
3. **Culling**:
- In cases of severe infection or with chronically infected birds, culling may be necessary to prevent the spread of *Salmonella* in the flock.
Impact of Salmonellosis on Poultry Production
Salmonellosis can significantly affect poultry farms by causing:
- Mortality and poor growth rates in young birds.
- Reduced egg production and lower egg quality in layers.
- Increased costs for medication, vaccination, and biosecurity measures.
- Public health risk, as *Salmonella*-contaminated poultry products can lead to human illness and potential legal repercussions.
Public Health Concerns
*Salmonella* is a major zoonotic pathogen, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. Consumption of undercooked or contaminated eggs, meat, or other poultry products can cause salmonellosis in humans, resulting in symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. Poultry producers must follow strict food safety practices to reduce contamination and protect public health.
Summary
Salmonellosis is a bacterial infection in poultry caused by *Salmonella* species that affects bird health, productivity, and public health. Effective control includes biosecurity measures, vaccination, sanitation, and regular monitoring. Treatment options are limited, and antibiotic use is carefully controlled due to resistance concerns. Poultry farms must prioritize preventing *Salmonella* infection to ensure healthy birds and safe poultry products.
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