Live Broiler Chicken Rate
Nepal
Live chicken rate which are changed during 2079 Chaitra are as follows
Rate had been changed two time during this month
- 2079.12.27 Live broiler chicken rate Rs. 270
- 2079.12.21 Live broiler chicken rate Rs. 280
Toxin in PoultryToxins in poultry can come from various sources, including feed contamination, environmental pollutants, bacterial infections, and improper management practices. These toxins pose health risks to poultry, impacting their growth, productivity, and even leading to mortality. Here’s an overview of common toxins affecting poultry, their sources, effects, and management strategies:
1. **Mycotoxins in Feed**
**Sources**: Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by molds (fungi) that grow on grains and other feed ingredients, particularly under warm, humid storage conditions. Common mycotoxins affecting poultry include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone.
**Effects on Poultry**: - **Aflatoxins**: Cause liver damage, immunosuppression, reduced growth rates, and increased mortality. - **Ochratoxins**: Lead to kidney damage, immunosuppression, reduced feed intake, and poor growth. - **Fumonisins**: Affect respiratory and liver function, leading to poor growth and feed conversion. - **Zearalenone**: Causes reproductive issues in layers and broilers. **Prevention and Management**: - Store feed in cool, dry conditions to prevent mold growth. - Use mycotoxin binders in feed to reduce the effects of mycotoxins. - Regularly test feed for mycotoxin contamination, especially in areas prone to warm, humid weather.
2. **Bacterial Toxins**
**Sources**: Bacteria such as *Clostridium perfringens*, *Escherichia coli*, and *Staphylococcus aureus* produce toxins that can cause disease in poultry. These bacteria can be present in the environment, litter, water, or improperly stored feed.
**Effects on Poultry**: - **Clostridium perfringens**: Causes necrotic enteritis, a disease that damages the intestinal lining, leading to reduced nutrient absorption, weight loss, and increased mortality.
- **E. coli**: Leads to colibacillosis, which can cause systemic infections, diarrhea, and high mortality rates.
- **Staphylococcus**: Can lead to skin infections and, in severe cases, septicemia, affecting productivity and survival. **Prevention and Management**: - Maintain clean and dry litter to prevent bacterial buildup. - Ensure clean water supply and disinfect water systems regularly. - Use probiotics and prebiotics to enhance gut health and boost immunity.
3. **Environmental Toxins**
**Sources**: Environmental pollutants, including heavy metals (like lead, arsenic, and cadmium) and pesticides, can accumulate in poultry through contaminated water, soil, or feed. These toxins are often byproducts of industrial pollution, contaminated feed, or improper pesticide use.
**Effects on Poultry**: - **Heavy Metals**: Cause kidney and liver damage, nervous system disorders, and reduced growth and productivity. - **Pesticides**: Lead to toxicity symptoms such as weakness, poor feed intake, and sometimes death if ingestion levels are high. **Prevention and Management**: - Ensure clean, uncontaminated water sources. - Use only approved pesticides according to label guidelines and avoid pesticide drift near poultry farms. - Test feed and soil for heavy metal contamination if there’s suspicion of contamination.
4. **Biogenic Amines (Histamine and Tyramine)**
**Sources**: Biogenic amines are naturally occurring compounds in feed ingredients such as fish meal and soybean meal. If these ingredients are poorly processed or stored, they can produce high levels of histamine and tyramine, which are toxic in large amounts.
**Effects on Poultry**: - Cause gastrointestinal distress, reduced feed intake, and occasionally lead to respiratory distress or increased mortality. **Prevention and Management**: - Use high-quality, fresh feed ingredients and avoid ingredients that have been improperly stored or processed. - Limit the inclusion rate of fish meal and soybean meal if the quality is uncertain.
5. **Ammonia Toxicity**
**Sources**: Ammonia buildup results from the breakdown of waste and litter in poultry houses. Poor ventilation exacerbates ammonia accumulation, especially in high-density flocks or poorly managed litter.
**Effects on Poultry**: - **Respiratory Issues**: Ammonia irritates the respiratory tract, leading to reduced immunity, respiratory disease susceptibility, and poor feed conversion. - **Eye and Skin Irritation**: High ammonia levels can cause eye and skin lesions. **Prevention and Management**: - Ensure proper ventilation in poultry houses to remove ammonia and moisture. - Regularly replace or treat litter to prevent ammonia buildup. - Manage stocking density to maintain healthy air quality.
6. **Chemical Toxins from Equipment or Additives**
**Sources**: Toxins can come from disinfectants, cleaning agents, or feed additives if used improperly. Residual chemicals left on feeding or watering equipment can be ingested by poultry, causing toxicity.
**Effects on Poultry**: - Gastrointestinal distress, liver and kidney damage, reduced feed intake, and sometimes death if ingestion is high. **Prevention and Management**: - Rinse equipment thoroughly after cleaning or disinfecting to remove chemical residues. - Follow dosage guidelines for feed additives, particularly for growth promoters or medicines.
7. **Endotoxins**
**Sources**: Endotoxins are toxic substances released from the outer membrane of certain bacteria (especially Gram-negative bacteria like *E. coli*) when they die or multiply. These can enter the poultry system through contaminated water, litter, or feed.
**Effects on Poultry**: - Immune system overreaction, resulting in inflammation, reduced feed intake, and poor growth. - Endotoxemia in severe cases, leading to systemic illness and high mortality. **Prevention and Management**: - Maintain clean living environments to prevent bacterial contamination. - Use water sanitizers and maintain proper litter management to reduce bacterial load.
8. **Salt Toxicity**
**Sources**: Salt is an essential nutrient, but high levels can lead to toxicity, especially if water supply is limited. Salt can accumulate in poultry feed due to errors in feed formulation or use of certain feed ingredients.
**Effects on Poultry**: - Excessive thirst, wet droppings, and, in severe cases, nervous system symptoms like tremors, seizures, or death. **Prevention and Management**: - Ensure balanced salt levels in feed formulation. - Provide continuous access to fresh, clean water to dilute excess salt.
Managing and Preventing Toxin Issues in Poultry
1. **High-Quality Feed**: Source feed from reputable suppliers, ensure quality checks, and store feed in clean, dry conditions to prevent mold and toxin development.
2. **Regular Monitoring and Testing**: Periodically test feed, water, and litter for contaminants, especially in high-risk areas or when sourcing from new suppliers.
3. **Good Ventilation and Housing**: Proper ventilation systems help control ammonia, moisture, and reduce airborne contaminants.
4. **Water Management**: Ensure a clean water supply, regularly sanitizing drinking systems to prevent bacterial growth.
5. **Proper Litter Management**: Regularly replace litter or treat it to reduce ammonia and prevent the buildup of pathogens.
6. **Use of Toxin Binders**: Add mycotoxin binders to feed when the risk of contamination is high, as a preventative measure.
Toxin management in poultry requires a combination of preventative practices, high-quality feed management, and maintaining a clean, well-ventilated environment. When these measures are in place, the risk of toxin-related health issues is significantly reduced, supporting healthy, productive flocks.
Toxins in poultry can come from various sources, including feed contamination, environmental pollutants, bacterial infections, and improper management practices. These toxins pose health risks to poultry, impacting their growth, productivity, and even leading to mortality. Here’s an overview of common toxins affecting poultry, their sources, effects, and management strategies:
1. **Mycotoxins in Feed**
**Sources**: Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by molds (fungi) that grow on grains and other feed ingredients, particularly under warm, humid storage conditions. Common mycotoxins affecting poultry include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone.
**Effects on Poultry**:
- **Aflatoxins**: Cause liver damage, immunosuppression, reduced growth rates, and increased mortality.
- **Ochratoxins**: Lead to kidney damage, immunosuppression, reduced feed intake, and poor growth.
- **Fumonisins**: Affect respiratory and liver function, leading to poor growth and feed conversion.
- **Zearalenone**: Causes reproductive issues in layers and broilers.
**Prevention and Management**:
- Store feed in cool, dry conditions to prevent mold growth.
- Use mycotoxin binders in feed to reduce the effects of mycotoxins.
- Regularly test feed for mycotoxin contamination, especially in areas prone to warm, humid weather.
2. **Bacterial Toxins**
**Sources**: Bacteria such as *Clostridium perfringens*, *Escherichia coli*, and *Staphylococcus aureus* produce toxins that can cause disease in poultry. These bacteria can be present in the environment, litter, water, or improperly stored feed.
**Effects on Poultry**:
- **Clostridium perfringens**: Causes necrotic enteritis, a disease that damages the intestinal lining, leading to reduced nutrient absorption, weight loss, and increased mortality.
- **E. coli**: Leads to colibacillosis, which can cause systemic infections, diarrhea, and high mortality rates.
- **Staphylococcus**: Can lead to skin infections and, in severe cases, septicemia, affecting productivity and survival.
**Prevention and Management**:
- Maintain clean and dry litter to prevent bacterial buildup.
- Ensure clean water supply and disinfect water systems regularly.
- Use probiotics and prebiotics to enhance gut health and boost immunity.
3. **Environmental Toxins**
**Sources**: Environmental pollutants, including heavy metals (like lead, arsenic, and cadmium) and pesticides, can accumulate in poultry through contaminated water, soil, or feed. These toxins are often byproducts of industrial pollution, contaminated feed, or improper pesticide use.
**Effects on Poultry**:
- **Heavy Metals**: Cause kidney and liver damage, nervous system disorders, and reduced growth and productivity.
- **Pesticides**: Lead to toxicity symptoms such as weakness, poor feed intake, and sometimes death if ingestion levels are high.
**Prevention and Management**:
- Ensure clean, uncontaminated water sources.
- Use only approved pesticides according to label guidelines and avoid pesticide drift near poultry farms.
- Test feed and soil for heavy metal contamination if there’s suspicion of contamination.
4. **Biogenic Amines (Histamine and Tyramine)**
**Sources**: Biogenic amines are naturally occurring compounds in feed ingredients such as fish meal and soybean meal. If these ingredients are poorly processed or stored, they can produce high levels of histamine and tyramine, which are toxic in large amounts.
**Effects on Poultry**:
- Cause gastrointestinal distress, reduced feed intake, and occasionally lead to respiratory distress or increased mortality.
**Prevention and Management**:
- Use high-quality, fresh feed ingredients and avoid ingredients that have been improperly stored or processed.
- Limit the inclusion rate of fish meal and soybean meal if the quality is uncertain.
5. **Ammonia Toxicity**
**Sources**: Ammonia buildup results from the breakdown of waste and litter in poultry houses. Poor ventilation exacerbates ammonia accumulation, especially in high-density flocks or poorly managed litter.
**Effects on Poultry**:
- **Respiratory Issues**: Ammonia irritates the respiratory tract, leading to reduced immunity, respiratory disease susceptibility, and poor feed conversion.
- **Eye and Skin Irritation**: High ammonia levels can cause eye and skin lesions.
**Prevention and Management**:
- Ensure proper ventilation in poultry houses to remove ammonia and moisture.
- Regularly replace or treat litter to prevent ammonia buildup.
- Manage stocking density to maintain healthy air quality.
6. **Chemical Toxins from Equipment or Additives**
**Sources**: Toxins can come from disinfectants, cleaning agents, or feed additives if used improperly. Residual chemicals left on feeding or watering equipment can be ingested by poultry, causing toxicity.
**Effects on Poultry**:
- Gastrointestinal distress, liver and kidney damage, reduced feed intake, and sometimes death if ingestion is high.
**Prevention and Management**:
- Rinse equipment thoroughly after cleaning or disinfecting to remove chemical residues.
- Follow dosage guidelines for feed additives, particularly for growth promoters or medicines.
7. **Endotoxins**
**Sources**: Endotoxins are toxic substances released from the outer membrane of certain bacteria (especially Gram-negative bacteria like *E. coli*) when they die or multiply. These can enter the poultry system through contaminated water, litter, or feed.
**Effects on Poultry**:
- Immune system overreaction, resulting in inflammation, reduced feed intake, and poor growth.
- Endotoxemia in severe cases, leading to systemic illness and high mortality.
**Prevention and Management**:
- Maintain clean living environments to prevent bacterial contamination.
- Use water sanitizers and maintain proper litter management to reduce bacterial load.
8. **Salt Toxicity**
**Sources**: Salt is an essential nutrient, but high levels can lead to toxicity, especially if water supply is limited. Salt can accumulate in poultry feed due to errors in feed formulation or use of certain feed ingredients.
**Effects on Poultry**:
- Excessive thirst, wet droppings, and, in severe cases, nervous system symptoms like tremors, seizures, or death.
**Prevention and Management**:
- Ensure balanced salt levels in feed formulation.
- Provide continuous access to fresh, clean water to dilute excess salt.
Managing and Preventing Toxin Issues in Poultry
1. **High-Quality Feed**: Source feed from reputable suppliers, ensure quality checks, and store feed in clean, dry conditions to prevent mold and toxin development.
2. **Regular Monitoring and Testing**: Periodically test feed, water, and litter for contaminants, especially in high-risk areas or when sourcing from new suppliers.
3. **Good Ventilation and Housing**: Proper ventilation systems help control ammonia, moisture, and reduce airborne contaminants.
4. **Water Management**: Ensure a clean water supply, regularly sanitizing drinking systems to prevent bacterial growth.
5. **Proper Litter Management**: Regularly replace litter or treat it to reduce ammonia and prevent the buildup of pathogens.
6. **Use of Toxin Binders**: Add mycotoxin binders to feed when the risk of contamination is high, as a preventative measure.
Toxin management in poultry requires a combination of preventative practices, high-quality feed management, and maintaining a clean, well-ventilated environment. When these measures are in place, the risk of toxin-related health issues is significantly reduced, supporting healthy, productive flocks.
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