Live Broiler Chicken Rate
Nepal
Live chicken rate which are changed during 2079 Falgun are as follows
Rate had been changed four time during this month
- 2079.11.18 Live broiler chicken rate Rs. 290
- 2079.11.13 Live broiler chicken rate Rs. 280
- 2079.11.05 Live broiler chicken rate Rs. 270
- 2079.11.02 Live broiler chicken rate Rs. 260
Fatty Liver in Poultry
Fatty liver syndrome (FLS) in poultry is a metabolic condition primarily affecting laying hens, characterized by an excessive accumulation of fat in the liver, often leading to liver enlargement, hemorrhage, and in severe cases, rupture. Fatty liver can reduce egg production, impact the overall health of the birds, and increase mortality rates. Here’s a closer look at the causes, symptoms, and management strategies for fatty liver in poultry.
Causes of Fatty Liver in Poultry
1. **High-Calorie Diets**: - Diets high in energy, particularly from fats or carbohydrates, can lead to excess fat accumulation in the liver as it tries to store the extra calories. - High-fat diets increase the risk of liver fat buildup, especially if hens are not active enough to burn off these calories.
2. **Low Protein and Nutrient Imbalance**: - Low protein levels in the diet can increase the chances of fatty liver, as protein helps balance energy intake and supports metabolism. - Deficiencies in essential nutrients, such as choline, methionine, and vitamin B12, disrupt fat metabolism, leading to fat buildup in the liver.
3. **Overfeeding**: - Feeding layers excessively, especially with high-calorie rations, leads to weight gain and fat deposits in the liver. - This is common in birds kept in confined spaces with limited exercise, which makes them more prone to energy imbalance and fat accumulation.
4. **Genetics**: - Certain breeds, particularly high-producing layer hens, are more susceptible to fatty liver due to their genetics and intense egg production, which requires a high metabolic rate. 5. **Hormonal Imbalance**: - Hormones involved in egg production, particularly estrogen, can increase fat synthesis. During peak laying periods, high estrogen levels can contribute to fat buildup in the liver.
6. **Environmental Stress**: - Heat stress is a significant contributor, as high temperatures reduce feed intake while increasing fat accumulation due to reduced energy expenditure. - Stress from overcrowding, inadequate ventilation, and poor housing conditions can also worsen the condition.
Symptoms of Fatty Liver in Poultry
1. **Reduced Egg Production**: - One of the first signs is often a decrease in egg production as the liver’s compromised function affects overall metabolism and health.
2. **Obesity and Abdominal Fat Deposits**: - Hens with fatty liver syndrome often show signs of obesity, with excess abdominal fat deposits.
3. **Lethargy and Reduced Activity**: - Affected birds may become less active, preferring to rest more than normal due to discomfort and reduced energy.
4. **Pale Comb and Wattles**: - In severe cases, hens may develop pale combs and wattles due to anemia from liver dysfunction and internal hemorrhage.
5. **Sudden Death**: - In severe cases, the liver can rupture due to fat accumulation, leading to internal bleeding and sudden death.
6. **Increased Susceptibility to Diseases**: - The compromised liver function weakens the bird’s immune system, making them more vulnerable to infections.
Diagnosis of Fatty Liver Syndrome
- **Necropsy Findings**: A post-mortem examination reveals an enlarged, yellow, and friable (easily broken) liver, often with visible fat deposits. - **Histopathology**: Microscopic examination of liver tissue can show fat accumulation within liver cells. - **Blood Tests**: High blood levels of liver enzymes (like ALT and AST) and lipids can indicate liver dysfunction in live birds.
Prevention and Management of Fatty Liver in Poultry
1. **Nutritional Management**: - **Balanced Diet**: Provide a balanced diet with adequate protein, limiting excessive fat and carbohydrate intake. - **Essential Nutrients**: Ensure sufficient levels of choline, methionine, biotin, and vitamin B12, as they are essential for liver health and fat metabolism. - **Use of Feed Supplements**: Adding feed additives like lecithin, choline chloride, and lipotropic agents can help in mobilizing fat from the liver and reduce fat accumulation.
2. **Energy Intake Control**: - **Restrict High-Calorie Feed**: Avoid overfeeding and limit high-energy feed, especially for hens with limited physical activity. - **Control Feeding Regimen**: In confined settings, controlled feeding schedules and portion sizes can prevent overconsumption.
3. **Environmental Management**: - **Temperature Control**: Maintain optimal temperatures to prevent heat stress, as excessive heat can exacerbate fat accumulation in the liver. - **Ventilation**: Good ventilation helps reduce stress, manage temperature, and improve air quality, supporting liver health. - **Space and Exercise**: Ensuring adequate space for movement can reduce fat deposition, as active hens burn more energy.
4. **Genetic Selection**: - Consider using breeds less susceptible to fatty liver syndrome if the condition becomes prevalent in specific strains of laying hens.
5. **Monitoring and Early Detection**: - Regularly monitor body weight, body condition, and production records to detect early signs of fatty liver. - Work closely with a veterinarian to identify birds with early symptoms and adjust feeding and management practices accordingly.
6. **Reduction of Stress**: - Minimize stressors such as overcrowding, rough handling, and poor housing conditions. - Implement consistent routines to avoid sudden changes that could disrupt the birds' metabolic balance.
Treatment of Fatty Liver in Poultry
- **Vitamin Supplementation**: Administering B vitamins (B12, B6) and other vitamins (especially E and C) can help reduce oxidative stress on the liver.
- **Choline and Methionine**: Adding these nutrients directly to feed can support fat metabolism and reduce liver fat accumulation.
- **Liver Tonics**: Commercial liver tonics, designed for poultry, may help support liver function and reduce fat buildup when administered under veterinary guidance.- **Antioxidants**: Including antioxidants in the diet can reduce oxidative stress on the liver and help in maintaining liver health.
Summary
Fatty liver syndrome in poultry, especially in high-producing laying hens, is a metabolic disorder triggered by factors such as high-calorie diets, nutrient imbalances, genetic predisposition, and stress. Effective prevention and management involve balanced nutrition, control of energy intake, environmental management, and stress reduction. With early diagnosis and appropriate dietary adjustments, fatty liver syndrome can be controlled, supporting healthier, more productive flocks.
Fatty liver syndrome (FLS) in poultry is a metabolic condition primarily affecting laying hens, characterized by an excessive accumulation of fat in the liver, often leading to liver enlargement, hemorrhage, and in severe cases, rupture. Fatty liver can reduce egg production, impact the overall health of the birds, and increase mortality rates. Here’s a closer look at the causes, symptoms, and management strategies for fatty liver in poultry.
Causes of Fatty Liver in Poultry
1. **High-Calorie Diets**:
- Diets high in energy, particularly from fats or carbohydrates, can lead to excess fat accumulation in the liver as it tries to store the extra calories.
- High-fat diets increase the risk of liver fat buildup, especially if hens are not active enough to burn off these calories.
2. **Low Protein and Nutrient Imbalance**:
- Low protein levels in the diet can increase the chances of fatty liver, as protein helps balance energy intake and supports metabolism.
- Deficiencies in essential nutrients, such as choline, methionine, and vitamin B12, disrupt fat metabolism, leading to fat buildup in the liver.
3. **Overfeeding**:
- Feeding layers excessively, especially with high-calorie rations, leads to weight gain and fat deposits in the liver.
- This is common in birds kept in confined spaces with limited exercise, which makes them more prone to energy imbalance and fat accumulation.
4. **Genetics**:
- Certain breeds, particularly high-producing layer hens, are more susceptible to fatty liver due to their genetics and intense egg production, which requires a high metabolic rate.
5. **Hormonal Imbalance**:
- Hormones involved in egg production, particularly estrogen, can increase fat synthesis. During peak laying periods, high estrogen levels can contribute to fat buildup in the liver.
6. **Environmental Stress**:
- Heat stress is a significant contributor, as high temperatures reduce feed intake while increasing fat accumulation due to reduced energy expenditure.
- Stress from overcrowding, inadequate ventilation, and poor housing conditions can also worsen the condition.
Symptoms of Fatty Liver in Poultry
1. **Reduced Egg Production**:
- One of the first signs is often a decrease in egg production as the liver’s compromised function affects overall metabolism and health.
2. **Obesity and Abdominal Fat Deposits**:
- Hens with fatty liver syndrome often show signs of obesity, with excess abdominal fat deposits.
3. **Lethargy and Reduced Activity**:
- Affected birds may become less active, preferring to rest more than normal due to discomfort and reduced energy.
4. **Pale Comb and Wattles**:
- In severe cases, hens may develop pale combs and wattles due to anemia from liver dysfunction and internal hemorrhage.
5. **Sudden Death**:
- In severe cases, the liver can rupture due to fat accumulation, leading to internal bleeding and sudden death.
6. **Increased Susceptibility to Diseases**:
- The compromised liver function weakens the bird’s immune system, making them more vulnerable to infections.
Diagnosis of Fatty Liver Syndrome
- **Necropsy Findings**: A post-mortem examination reveals an enlarged, yellow, and friable (easily broken) liver, often with visible fat deposits.
- **Histopathology**: Microscopic examination of liver tissue can show fat accumulation within liver cells.
- **Blood Tests**: High blood levels of liver enzymes (like ALT and AST) and lipids can indicate liver dysfunction in live birds.
Prevention and Management of Fatty Liver in Poultry
1. **Nutritional Management**:
- **Balanced Diet**: Provide a balanced diet with adequate protein, limiting excessive fat and carbohydrate intake.
- **Essential Nutrients**: Ensure sufficient levels of choline, methionine, biotin, and vitamin B12, as they are essential for liver health and fat metabolism.
- **Use of Feed Supplements**: Adding feed additives like lecithin, choline chloride, and lipotropic agents can help in mobilizing fat from the liver and reduce fat accumulation.
2. **Energy Intake Control**:
- **Restrict High-Calorie Feed**: Avoid overfeeding and limit high-energy feed, especially for hens with limited physical activity.
- **Control Feeding Regimen**: In confined settings, controlled feeding schedules and portion sizes can prevent overconsumption.
3. **Environmental Management**:
- **Temperature Control**: Maintain optimal temperatures to prevent heat stress, as excessive heat can exacerbate fat accumulation in the liver.
- **Ventilation**: Good ventilation helps reduce stress, manage temperature, and improve air quality, supporting liver health.
- **Space and Exercise**: Ensuring adequate space for movement can reduce fat deposition, as active hens burn more energy.
4. **Genetic Selection**:
- Consider using breeds less susceptible to fatty liver syndrome if the condition becomes prevalent in specific strains of laying hens.
5. **Monitoring and Early Detection**:
- Regularly monitor body weight, body condition, and production records to detect early signs of fatty liver.
- Work closely with a veterinarian to identify birds with early symptoms and adjust feeding and management practices accordingly.
6. **Reduction of Stress**:
- Minimize stressors such as overcrowding, rough handling, and poor housing conditions.
- Implement consistent routines to avoid sudden changes that could disrupt the birds' metabolic balance.
Treatment of Fatty Liver in Poultry
- **Vitamin Supplementation**: Administering B vitamins (B12, B6) and other vitamins (especially E and C) can help reduce oxidative stress on the liver.
- **Choline and Methionine**: Adding these nutrients directly to feed can support fat metabolism and reduce liver fat accumulation.
- **Liver Tonics**: Commercial liver tonics, designed for poultry, may help support liver function and reduce fat buildup when administered under veterinary guidance.
- **Antioxidants**: Including antioxidants in the diet can reduce oxidative stress on the liver and help in maintaining liver health.
Summary
Fatty liver syndrome in poultry, especially in high-producing laying hens, is a metabolic disorder triggered by factors such as high-calorie diets, nutrient imbalances, genetic predisposition, and stress. Effective prevention and management involve balanced nutrition, control of energy intake, environmental management, and stress reduction. With early diagnosis and appropriate dietary adjustments, fatty liver syndrome can be controlled, supporting healthier, more productive flocks.
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