Live Broiler Chicken Rate
Nepal
Live chicken rate which are changed during 2079 Kartik are as follows
Rate had been changed two time during this month
- 2079.07.21 Live broiler chicken rate Rs. 240
- 2079.07.17 Live broiler chicken rate Rs. 250
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum in poultry
**Mycoplasma gallisepticum** (MG) is a bacterial disease in poultry that causes chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. It primarily affects the respiratory system, leading to reduced productivity and increased susceptibility to secondary infections. This disease is highly contagious and can significantly impact both commercial and backyard poultry flocks.
Cause and Transmission of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
- **Causative Agent**: The disease is caused by *Mycoplasma gallisepticum*, a bacterium that lacks a cell wall, making it resistant to certain antibiotics and capable of prolonged survival in host tissues.
- **Transmission**: - **Direct Contact**: MG spreads through respiratory droplets, typically through close contact among birds. - **Vertical Transmission**: Infected hens can pass the infection to their chicks through eggs, leading to early exposure in young birds. - **Indirect Transmission**: Contaminated equipment, feed, water, and people can spread the bacteria between flocks.
Symptoms of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Symptoms of MG infection can vary in severity depending on environmental factors, stress levels, and the presence of secondary infections. Symptoms generally develop gradually.
1. **Respiratory Symptoms**: - Sneezing, coughing, and nasal discharge - Swollen sinuses, especially around the eyes - Watery eyes, foamy eye discharge - Difficulty breathing and tracheal rales (rattling sounds)
2. **Reduced Productivity**: - Drop in egg production in laying hens - Poor egg quality and reduced hatchability in breeders
3. **Growth and Condition**: - Poor growth rates, weight loss, and lethargy - Ruffled feathers and general weakness
4. **Secondary Infections**: - MG often predisposes birds to other bacterial infections like *Escherichia coli* (E. coli), leading to more severe respiratory symptoms, elevated mortality, and even septicemia.
Diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
- **Clinical Signs and History**: Observation of respiratory symptoms and a history of respiratory disease in the flock can suggest MG.- **Laboratory Testing**: Confirmation requires lab testing, such as: - **PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)** to detect MG DNA. - **ELISA** and **serological tests** to identify antibodies. - **Culture and Isolation** of the bacteria, though it can be difficult due to the slow growth of *Mycoplasma*.
Prevention of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
1. **Biosecurity**: - **Quarantine** new birds for at least 2–3 weeks to prevent introducing MG into a healthy flock. - Practice good biosecurity to avoid bringing in the bacteria from other farms or wild birds. - Disinfect equipment, avoid sharing tools between flocks, and use protective gear when interacting with poultry.
2. **Testing and Monitoring**: - Regular testing, especially for breeding flocks, can help identify carriers and prevent the spread to chicks. - Test new birds before introducing them to a flock.
3. **Vaccination**: - Vaccines are available for MG and can help reduce the severity of symptoms and prevent the spread, though they do not completely eliminate the bacteria from the flock. - Vaccination is typically used in high-risk areas or on farms with a history of MG.
4. **Environmental Control**: - Minimize dust, improve ventilation, and reduce environmental stress to decrease respiratory irritation and susceptibility to infection. - Maintain optimal nutrition to strengthen the birds’ immune systems.
Treatment of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
While MG infections cannot be entirely cured, treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent secondary infections. Infected birds may remain carriers even after treatment.
1. **Antibiotics**: - **Tylosin**, **oxytetracycline**, and **doxycycline** are commonly used to manage symptoms and reduce the impact of secondary infections. - **Enrofloxacin** may also be used in severe cases, though antibiotic use should be carefully managed due to resistance concerns.
2. **Supportive Care**: - Provide fresh, clean water and high-quality feed to support recovery. - Use electrolytes and vitamins in water to boost the immune system and help reduce stress.
3. **Culling**: - In some cases, culling severely affected or chronically infected birds may be necessary to reduce the spread of infection in a commercial flock.
Impact on Productivity
Mycoplasma gallisepticum can significantly affect productivity due to: - Decreased egg production and hatchability in breeders and layers. - Increased feed conversion ratio and poor growth in broilers. - Additional costs associated with veterinary care, antibiotics, and reduced bird market value.
Summary
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is a highly contagious respiratory disease that can severely impact poultry health, especially under poor environmental or stressful conditions. Prevention through biosecurity, testing, and vaccination is essential, as treatment options only manage symptoms and reduce secondary infections but do not eliminate the bacteria. MG infection can lead to chronic respiratory disease, reduced egg production, and poor growth, resulting in economic losses for poultry farmers. Regular monitoring and preventive care are essential to control the spread and impact of this disease.
**Mycoplasma gallisepticum** (MG) is a bacterial disease in poultry that causes chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. It primarily affects the respiratory system, leading to reduced productivity and increased susceptibility to secondary infections. This disease is highly contagious and can significantly impact both commercial and backyard poultry flocks.
Cause and Transmission of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
- **Causative Agent**: The disease is caused by *Mycoplasma gallisepticum*, a bacterium that lacks a cell wall, making it resistant to certain antibiotics and capable of prolonged survival in host tissues.
- **Transmission**:
- **Direct Contact**: MG spreads through respiratory droplets, typically through close contact among birds.
- **Vertical Transmission**: Infected hens can pass the infection to their chicks through eggs, leading to early exposure in young birds.
- **Indirect Transmission**: Contaminated equipment, feed, water, and people can spread the bacteria between flocks.
Symptoms of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Symptoms of MG infection can vary in severity depending on environmental factors, stress levels, and the presence of secondary infections. Symptoms generally develop gradually.
1. **Respiratory Symptoms**:
- Sneezing, coughing, and nasal discharge
- Swollen sinuses, especially around the eyes
- Watery eyes, foamy eye discharge
- Difficulty breathing and tracheal rales (rattling sounds)
2. **Reduced Productivity**:
- Drop in egg production in laying hens
- Poor egg quality and reduced hatchability in breeders
3. **Growth and Condition**:
- Poor growth rates, weight loss, and lethargy
- Ruffled feathers and general weakness
4. **Secondary Infections**:
- MG often predisposes birds to other bacterial infections like *Escherichia coli* (E. coli), leading to more severe respiratory symptoms, elevated mortality, and even septicemia.
Diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
- **Clinical Signs and History**: Observation of respiratory symptoms and a history of respiratory disease in the flock can suggest MG.
- **Laboratory Testing**: Confirmation requires lab testing, such as:
- **PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)** to detect MG DNA.
- **ELISA** and **serological tests** to identify antibodies.
- **Culture and Isolation** of the bacteria, though it can be difficult due to the slow growth of *Mycoplasma*.
Prevention of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
1. **Biosecurity**:
- **Quarantine** new birds for at least 2–3 weeks to prevent introducing MG into a healthy flock.
- Practice good biosecurity to avoid bringing in the bacteria from other farms or wild birds.
- Disinfect equipment, avoid sharing tools between flocks, and use protective gear when interacting with poultry.
2. **Testing and Monitoring**:
- Regular testing, especially for breeding flocks, can help identify carriers and prevent the spread to chicks.
- Test new birds before introducing them to a flock.
3. **Vaccination**:
- Vaccines are available for MG and can help reduce the severity of symptoms and prevent the spread, though they do not completely eliminate the bacteria from the flock.
- Vaccination is typically used in high-risk areas or on farms with a history of MG.
4. **Environmental Control**:
- Minimize dust, improve ventilation, and reduce environmental stress to decrease respiratory irritation and susceptibility to infection.
- Maintain optimal nutrition to strengthen the birds’ immune systems.
Treatment of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
While MG infections cannot be entirely cured, treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent secondary infections. Infected birds may remain carriers even after treatment.
1. **Antibiotics**:
- **Tylosin**, **oxytetracycline**, and **doxycycline** are commonly used to manage symptoms and reduce the impact of secondary infections.
- **Enrofloxacin** may also be used in severe cases, though antibiotic use should be carefully managed due to resistance concerns.
2. **Supportive Care**:
- Provide fresh, clean water and high-quality feed to support recovery.
- Use electrolytes and vitamins in water to boost the immune system and help reduce stress.
3. **Culling**:
- In some cases, culling severely affected or chronically infected birds may be necessary to reduce the spread of infection in a commercial flock.
Impact on Productivity
Mycoplasma gallisepticum can significantly affect productivity due to:
- Decreased egg production and hatchability in breeders and layers.
- Increased feed conversion ratio and poor growth in broilers.
- Additional costs associated with veterinary care, antibiotics, and reduced bird market value.
Summary
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is a highly contagious respiratory disease that can severely impact poultry health, especially under poor environmental or stressful conditions. Prevention through biosecurity, testing, and vaccination is essential, as treatment options only manage symptoms and reduce secondary infections but do not eliminate the bacteria. MG infection can lead to chronic respiratory disease, reduced egg production, and poor growth, resulting in economic losses for poultry farmers. Regular monitoring and preventive care are essential to control the spread and impact of this disease.
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