Live Broiler Chicken Rate
Nepal
Live chicken rate which are changed during 2079 Poush are as follows
No Change in Rate for this month
Disease in poultryPoultry diseases can significantly impact flock health, productivity, and overall profitability in commercial farming. Diseases in poultry are often caused by infectious agents, environmental factors, nutritional deficiencies, or parasites. Here is an overview of the most common poultry diseases, including their causes, symptoms, and control measures.
Common Poultry Diseases
1. **Newcastle Disease** - **Cause**: Viral infection (*Avian paramyxovirus*). - **Symptoms**: Respiratory distress (coughing, sneezing), nervous system symptoms (paralysis, twisted neck), reduced egg production, and watery diarrhea. - **Prevention**: Vaccination is the primary prevention method; also, maintain strict biosecurity practices. - **Control**: No cure; supportive care can help, but infected flocks are often culled to prevent spread.
2. **Infectious Bronchitis (IB)** - **Cause**: Coronavirus affecting the respiratory tract. - **Symptoms**: Coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, reduced egg quality (thin or misshapen eggs), and decreased egg production. - **Prevention**: Vaccination and good biosecurity to prevent virus spread. - **Control**: Supportive care and maintaining optimal environmental conditions in the coop.
3. **Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)** - **Cause**: Influenza A virus. - **Symptoms**: Respiratory issues, swelling of the head, comb, and legs, cyanosis (blue discoloration), and high mortality. - **Prevention**: Strict biosecurity measures to prevent exposure to wild birds and carriers; vaccination in some cases. - **Control**: Infected birds are usually culled to prevent spread. Report outbreaks to authorities as it’s a notifiable disease.
4. **Infectious Coryza** - **Cause**: Bacterial infection caused by *Avibacterium paragallinarum*. - **Symptoms**: Swollen face, foul-smelling nasal discharge, and labored breathing. - **Prevention**: Biosecurity and vaccination (available in some regions). - **Control**: Antibiotics can help manage symptoms, but culling may be necessary in severe cases.
5. **Marek’s Disease** - **Cause**: Herpesvirus infection. - **Symptoms**: Tumors in various organs, paralysis of the legs and wings, weight loss, and irregular pupil shape. - **Prevention**: Vaccination at the hatchery level. - **Control**: No treatment; vaccination is essential for prevention.
6. **Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG)** - **Cause**: Bacterial infection. - **Symptoms**: Chronic respiratory disease, swelling of the face and eyes, nasal discharge, and reduced productivity. - **Prevention**: Biosecurity and testing new birds before introduction. - **Control**: Antibiotics can manage symptoms, but infected birds may remain carriers.
7. **Coccidiosis** - **Cause**: Protozoan parasites (e.g., *Eimeria* species). - **Symptoms**: Diarrhea (often bloody), weight loss, lethargy, and high mortality in severe cases. - **Prevention**: Coccidiostats in feed, proper hygiene, and rotational grazing. - **Control**: Anticoccidial medications in feed or water.
8. **Salmonellosis (Pullorum Disease and Fowl Typhoid)** - **Cause**: Bacteria *Salmonella pullorum* or *Salmonella gallinarum*. - **Symptoms**: White diarrhea, ruffled feathers, lethargy, and high mortality in young chicks. - **Prevention**: Good sanitation, biosecurity, and vaccination in certain regions. - **Control**: Antibiotics may be used, but infected birds are often culled to prevent spread.
9. **Aspergillosis** - **Cause**: Fungal infection caused by *Aspergillus* species, often from moldy feed or bedding. - **Symptoms**: Respiratory distress, gasping, and lesions in the lungs and air sacs. - **Prevention**: Keep feed and bedding dry to prevent mold growth. - **Control**: No effective treatment; remove the source of mold and improve ventilation.
10. **Avian Pox** - **Cause**: Viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes or direct contact. - **Symptoms**: Wart-like lesions on comb, wattles, feet (dry form), or can cause respiratory issues (wet form). - **Prevention**: Vaccination in areas where the disease is common. - **Control**: No treatment, but supportive care and control of mosquitoes can help.
11. **Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro)** - **Cause**: Virus targeting the immune system. - **Symptoms**: Ruffled feathers, diarrhea, dehydration, and high mortality, especially in young birds. - **Prevention**: Vaccination at a young age. - **Control**: No cure; prevention through vaccination is essential.
12. **Fowl Cholera** - **Cause**: Bacterial infection by *Pasteurella multocida*. - **Symptoms**: Swollen wattles, nasal discharge, and sudden death. - **Prevention**: Biosecurity and vaccination in high-risk areas. - **Control**: Antibiotics may help, but infected birds often carry the bacteria long-term.
13. **Ascites (Water Belly)** - **Cause**: Metabolic disorder, often due to rapid growth, poor ventilation, and high altitude. - **Symptoms**: Swollen abdomen, labored breathing, and reduced activity. - **Prevention**: Control growth rate, ensure proper ventilation, and adjust diet. - **Control**: No cure; management focuses on prevention and reducing risk factors.
14. **Vitamin Deficiencies** - **Cause**: Nutritional imbalance, particularly lack of vitamins like A, D, and E. - **Symptoms**: Various, including weak legs, swelling around eyes, poor feathering, and low egg production. - **Prevention**: Balanced diet with vitamin supplementation as needed. - **Control**: Correct diet and add necessary vitamin supplements.
15. **Worms (Helminths)** - **Cause**: Intestinal parasites like roundworms, tapeworms, and cecal worms. - **Symptoms**: Weight loss, diarrhea, and poor growth. - **Prevention**: Regular deworming program and rotational grazing. - **Control**: Deworming with medications like fenbendazole or ivermectin.
General Prevention and Control Measures for Poultry Diseases
1. **Biosecurity**: Prevent disease entry through strict biosecurity, which includes controlling visitor access, quarantining new birds, and cleaning and disinfecting equipment and facilities. 2. **Vaccination**: Use vaccination programs specific to the prevalent diseases in the area.
3. **Good Hygiene**: Regular cleaning and sanitizing of the coop, feed, and water sources reduce the risk of infections.
4. **Nutrition**: Provide a balanced diet with the necessary vitamins and minerals to support immune health.
5. **Ventilation**: Maintain proper airflow to prevent respiratory issues and reduce ammonia buildup.
6. **Stress Reduction**: Minimize stress by avoiding overcrowding, keeping consistent routines, and providing adequate space for movement.
7. **Regular Health Checks**: Monitor birds for early signs of illness and seek veterinary advice when needed.
Summary
Poultry diseases can stem from various causes, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and nutritional deficiencies. Prevention through good biosecurity, vaccination, and balanced nutrition is essential. Early detection and appropriate treatment or control measures help reduce losses and maintain flock health. Regular consultation with a veterinarian is recommended to keep the flock protected and manage health issues effectively.
Poultry diseases can significantly impact flock health, productivity, and overall profitability in commercial farming. Diseases in poultry are often caused by infectious agents, environmental factors, nutritional deficiencies, or parasites. Here is an overview of the most common poultry diseases, including their causes, symptoms, and control measures.
Common Poultry Diseases
1. **Newcastle Disease**
- **Cause**: Viral infection (*Avian paramyxovirus*).
- **Symptoms**: Respiratory distress (coughing, sneezing), nervous system symptoms (paralysis, twisted neck), reduced egg production, and watery diarrhea.
- **Prevention**: Vaccination is the primary prevention method; also, maintain strict biosecurity practices.
- **Control**: No cure; supportive care can help, but infected flocks are often culled to prevent spread.
2. **Infectious Bronchitis (IB)**
- **Cause**: Coronavirus affecting the respiratory tract.
- **Symptoms**: Coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, reduced egg quality (thin or misshapen eggs), and decreased egg production.
- **Prevention**: Vaccination and good biosecurity to prevent virus spread.
- **Control**: Supportive care and maintaining optimal environmental conditions in the coop.
3. **Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)**
- **Cause**: Influenza A virus.
- **Symptoms**: Respiratory issues, swelling of the head, comb, and legs, cyanosis (blue discoloration), and high mortality.
- **Prevention**: Strict biosecurity measures to prevent exposure to wild birds and carriers; vaccination in some cases.
- **Control**: Infected birds are usually culled to prevent spread. Report outbreaks to authorities as it’s a notifiable disease.
4. **Infectious Coryza**
- **Cause**: Bacterial infection caused by *Avibacterium paragallinarum*.
- **Symptoms**: Swollen face, foul-smelling nasal discharge, and labored breathing.
- **Prevention**: Biosecurity and vaccination (available in some regions).
- **Control**: Antibiotics can help manage symptoms, but culling may be necessary in severe cases.
5. **Marek’s Disease**
- **Cause**: Herpesvirus infection.
- **Symptoms**: Tumors in various organs, paralysis of the legs and wings, weight loss, and irregular pupil shape.
- **Prevention**: Vaccination at the hatchery level.
- **Control**: No treatment; vaccination is essential for prevention.
6. **Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG)**
- **Cause**: Bacterial infection.
- **Symptoms**: Chronic respiratory disease, swelling of the face and eyes, nasal discharge, and reduced productivity.
- **Prevention**: Biosecurity and testing new birds before introduction.
- **Control**: Antibiotics can manage symptoms, but infected birds may remain carriers.
7. **Coccidiosis**
- **Cause**: Protozoan parasites (e.g., *Eimeria* species).
- **Symptoms**: Diarrhea (often bloody), weight loss, lethargy, and high mortality in severe cases.
- **Prevention**: Coccidiostats in feed, proper hygiene, and rotational grazing.
- **Control**: Anticoccidial medications in feed or water.
8. **Salmonellosis (Pullorum Disease and Fowl Typhoid)**
- **Cause**: Bacteria *Salmonella pullorum* or *Salmonella gallinarum*.
- **Symptoms**: White diarrhea, ruffled feathers, lethargy, and high mortality in young chicks.
- **Prevention**: Good sanitation, biosecurity, and vaccination in certain regions.
- **Control**: Antibiotics may be used, but infected birds are often culled to prevent spread.
9. **Aspergillosis**
- **Cause**: Fungal infection caused by *Aspergillus* species, often from moldy feed or bedding.
- **Symptoms**: Respiratory distress, gasping, and lesions in the lungs and air sacs.
- **Prevention**: Keep feed and bedding dry to prevent mold growth.
- **Control**: No effective treatment; remove the source of mold and improve ventilation.
10. **Avian Pox**
- **Cause**: Viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes or direct contact.
- **Symptoms**: Wart-like lesions on comb, wattles, feet (dry form), or can cause respiratory issues (wet form).
- **Prevention**: Vaccination in areas where the disease is common.
- **Control**: No treatment, but supportive care and control of mosquitoes can help.
11. **Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro)**
- **Cause**: Virus targeting the immune system.
- **Symptoms**: Ruffled feathers, diarrhea, dehydration, and high mortality, especially in young birds.
- **Prevention**: Vaccination at a young age.
- **Control**: No cure; prevention through vaccination is essential.
12. **Fowl Cholera**
- **Cause**: Bacterial infection by *Pasteurella multocida*.
- **Symptoms**: Swollen wattles, nasal discharge, and sudden death.
- **Prevention**: Biosecurity and vaccination in high-risk areas.
- **Control**: Antibiotics may help, but infected birds often carry the bacteria long-term.
13. **Ascites (Water Belly)**
- **Cause**: Metabolic disorder, often due to rapid growth, poor ventilation, and high altitude.
- **Symptoms**: Swollen abdomen, labored breathing, and reduced activity.
- **Prevention**: Control growth rate, ensure proper ventilation, and adjust diet.
- **Control**: No cure; management focuses on prevention and reducing risk factors.
14. **Vitamin Deficiencies**
- **Cause**: Nutritional imbalance, particularly lack of vitamins like A, D, and E.
- **Symptoms**: Various, including weak legs, swelling around eyes, poor feathering, and low egg production.
- **Prevention**: Balanced diet with vitamin supplementation as needed.
- **Control**: Correct diet and add necessary vitamin supplements.
15. **Worms (Helminths)**
- **Cause**: Intestinal parasites like roundworms, tapeworms, and cecal worms.
- **Symptoms**: Weight loss, diarrhea, and poor growth.
- **Prevention**: Regular deworming program and rotational grazing.
- **Control**: Deworming with medications like fenbendazole or ivermectin.
General Prevention and Control Measures for Poultry Diseases
1. **Biosecurity**: Prevent disease entry through strict biosecurity, which includes controlling visitor access, quarantining new birds, and cleaning and disinfecting equipment and facilities.
2. **Vaccination**: Use vaccination programs specific to the prevalent diseases in the area.
3. **Good Hygiene**: Regular cleaning and sanitizing of the coop, feed, and water sources reduce the risk of infections.
4. **Nutrition**: Provide a balanced diet with the necessary vitamins and minerals to support immune health.
5. **Ventilation**: Maintain proper airflow to prevent respiratory issues and reduce ammonia buildup.
6. **Stress Reduction**: Minimize stress by avoiding overcrowding, keeping consistent routines, and providing adequate space for movement.
7. **Regular Health Checks**: Monitor birds for early signs of illness and seek veterinary advice when needed.
Summary
Poultry diseases can stem from various causes, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and nutritional deficiencies. Prevention through good biosecurity, vaccination, and balanced nutrition is essential. Early detection and appropriate treatment or control measures help reduce losses and maintain flock health. Regular consultation with a veterinarian is recommended to keep the flock protected and manage health issues effectively.
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